[libc++] Slightly simplify max_size and add new tests for vector (#119990)

This PR slightly simplifies the implementation of `vector<bool>::max_size`
and adds extensive tests for the `max_size()` function for both `vector<bool>`
and `vector<T>`. The main purposes of the new tests include:

- Verify correctness of `max_size()` under various `size_type` and
  `difference_type` definitions: check that `max_size()` works properly
  with allocators that have custom `size_type` and `difference_type`. This
  is particularly useful for `vector<bool>`, as different `size_type` lead
  to different `__storage_type` of different word lengths, resulting in
  varying `max_size()` values for `vector<bool>`. Additionally, different
  `difference_type` also sets different upper limit of `max_size()` for
  both `vector<bool>` and `std::vector`. These tests were previously
  missing.

- Eliminate incorrect implementations: Special tests are added to identify and
  reject incorrect implementations of `vector<bool>::max_size` that unconditionally
  return `std::min<size_type>(size-max, __internal_cap_to_external(allocator-max-size))`.
  This can cause overflow in the `__internal_cap_to_external()` call and lead
  to incorrect results. The new tests ensure that such incorrect
  implementations are identified.

libcxx/include/__vector/vector_bool.h

@@ -533,10 +533,8 @@ template <class _Allocator>
 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::size_type
 vector<bool, _Allocator>::max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
   size_type __amax = __storage_traits::max_size(__alloc_);
-  size_type __nmax = numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / 2; // end() >= begin(), always
-  if (__nmax / __bits_per_word <= __amax)
-    return __nmax;
-  return __internal_cap_to_external(__amax);
+  size_type __nmax = numeric_limits<difference_type>::max();
+  return __nmax / __bits_per_word <= __amax ? __nmax : __internal_cap_to_external(__amax);
 }
 
 //  Precondition:  __new_size > capacity()

libcxx/test/std/containers/sequences/vector.bool/max_size.pass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// <vector>
+// vector<bool>
+
+// size_type max_size() const;
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "sized_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 11
+
+template <typename Alloc>
+TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 void test(const std::vector<bool, Alloc>& v) {
+  using Vector             = std::vector<bool, Alloc>;
+  using size_type          = typename Vector::size_type;
+  using difference_type    = typename Vector::difference_type;
+  const size_type max_dist = static_cast<size_type>(std::numeric_limits<difference_type>::max());
+  assert(v.max_size() <= max_dist);
+
+  // The following check is specific to libc++ implementation details and is not portable to libstdc++
+  // and MSVC STL, as they use different types for the underlying word storage.
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+  using storage_type        = typename Vector::__storage_type;
+  using storage_alloc       = typename std::allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind_alloc<storage_type>;
+  using storage_traits      = typename std::allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind_traits<storage_type>;
+  const size_type max_alloc = storage_traits::max_size(storage_alloc(v.get_allocator()));
+  std::size_t bits_per_word = sizeof(storage_type) * CHAR_BIT;
+  const size_type max_size  = max_dist / bits_per_word < max_alloc ? max_dist : max_alloc * bits_per_word;
+  assert(v.max_size() / bits_per_word <= max_alloc); // max_alloc * bits_per_word may overflow
+  assert(v.max_size() == max_size);
+#  endif // defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+}
+
+#endif // TEST_STD_VER >= 11
+
+TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 bool tests() {
+  // The following check is specific to libc++ implementation details and is not portable to libstdc++
+  // and MSVC STL, as they use different types for the underlying word storage.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+  // Test cases where v.max_size() is determined by allocator::max_size()
+  {
+    using Alloc        = limited_allocator<bool, 10>;
+    using Vector       = std::vector<bool, Alloc>;
+    using storage_type = Vector::__storage_type;
+    Vector v;
+    std::size_t bits_per_word = sizeof(storage_type) * CHAR_BIT;
+    assert(v.max_size() == 10 * bits_per_word);
+  }
+#endif // defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 11
+
+  // Test with various allocators and different `size_type`s
+  {
+    test(std::vector<bool>());
+    test(std::vector<bool, std::allocator<int> >());
+    test(std::vector<bool, min_allocator<bool> >());
+    test(std::vector<bool, test_allocator<bool> >(test_allocator<bool>(1)));
+    test(std::vector<bool, other_allocator<bool> >(other_allocator<bool>(5)));
+    test(std::vector<bool, sized_allocator<bool, std::uint8_t, std::int8_t> >());
+    test(std::vector<bool, sized_allocator<bool, std::uint16_t, std::int16_t> >());
+    test(std::vector<bool, sized_allocator<bool, std::uint32_t, std::int32_t> >());
+    test(std::vector<bool, sized_allocator<bool, std::uint64_t, std::int64_t> >());
+    test(std::vector<bool, limited_allocator<bool, static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)> >());
+  }
+
+  // Test cases to identify incorrect implementations that unconditionally compute an internal-to-external
+  // capacity in a way that can overflow, leading to incorrect results.
+  {
+    test(std::vector<bool, limited_allocator<bool, static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) / 61> >());
+    test(std::vector<bool, limited_allocator<bool, static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) / 63> >());
+  }
+
+#endif // TEST_STD_VER >= 11
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  tests();
+
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 20
+  static_assert(tests());
+#endif
+
+  return 0;
+}

libcxx/test/std/containers/sequences/vector/vector.capacity/max_size.pass.cpp

@@ -10,16 +10,36 @@
 
 // size_type max_size() const;
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <limits>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "sized_allocator.h"
 #include "test_allocator.h"
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 11
 
-TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 bool test() {
+template <typename T, typename Alloc>
+TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 void test(const std::vector<T, Alloc>& v) {
+  using Vector              = std::vector<T, Alloc>;
+  using alloc_traits        = std::allocator_traits<typename Vector::allocator_type>;
+  using size_type           = typename Vector::size_type;
+  using difference_type     = typename Vector::difference_type;
+  const size_type max_dist  = static_cast<size_type>(std::numeric_limits<difference_type>::max());
+  const size_type max_alloc = alloc_traits::max_size(v.get_allocator());
+  assert(v.max_size() <= max_dist);
+  assert(v.max_size() <= max_alloc);
+  LIBCPP_ASSERT(v.max_size() == std::min<size_type>(max_dist, max_alloc));
+}
+
+#endif // TEST_STD_VER >= 11
+
+TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 bool tests() {
   {
     typedef limited_allocator<int, 10> A;
     typedef std::vector<int, A> C;
@@ -30,29 +50,48 @@ TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 bool test() {
   {
     typedef limited_allocator<int, (std::size_t)-1> A;
     typedef std::vector<int, A> C;
-    const C::size_type max_dist =
-        static_cast<C::size_type>(std::numeric_limits<C::difference_type>::max());
+    const C::size_type max_dist = static_cast<C::size_type>(std::numeric_limits<C::difference_type>::max());
     C c;
     assert(c.max_size() <= max_dist);
     LIBCPP_ASSERT(c.max_size() == max_dist);
   }
   {
     typedef std::vector<char> C;
-    const C::size_type max_dist =
-        static_cast<C::size_type>(std::numeric_limits<C::difference_type>::max());
+    const C::size_type max_dist = static_cast<C::size_type>(std::numeric_limits<C::difference_type>::max());
     C c;
     assert(c.max_size() <= max_dist);
     assert(c.max_size() <= alloc_max_size(c.get_allocator()));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(c.max_size() == std::min(max_dist, alloc_max_size(c.get_allocator())));
   }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 11
+
+  // Test with various allocators and diffrent size_type
+  {
+    test(std::vector<int>());
+    test(std::vector<short, std::allocator<short> >());
+    test(std::vector<unsigned, min_allocator<unsigned> >());
+    test(std::vector<char, test_allocator<char> >(test_allocator<char>(1)));
+    test(std::vector<std::size_t, other_allocator<std::size_t> >(other_allocator<std::size_t>(5)));
+    test(std::vector<int, sized_allocator<int, std::uint8_t, std::int8_t> >());
+    test(std::vector<int, sized_allocator<int, std::uint16_t, std::int16_t> >());
+    test(std::vector<int, sized_allocator<int, std::uint32_t, std::int32_t> >());
+    test(std::vector<int, sized_allocator<int, std::uint64_t, std::int64_t> >());
+    test(std::vector<int, limited_allocator<int, static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)> >());
+    test(std::vector<int, limited_allocator<int, static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) / 2> >());
+    test(std::vector<int, limited_allocator<int, static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) / 4> >());
+  }
+
+#endif // TEST_STD_VER >= 11
+
   return true;
 }
 
 int main(int, char**) {
-  test();
+  tests();
 
 #if TEST_STD_VER > 17
-  static_assert(test());
+  static_assert(tests());
 #endif
 
   return 0;