diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0b2587c3f..5421e3e42 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ Remember to align the itemized text with the first line of an item within a list
   * Passing `None` to {func}`jax.array` or {func}`jax.asarray`, either directly or
     within a list or tuple, is deprecated and now raises a {obj}`FutureWarning`.
     It currently is converted to NaN, and in the future will raise a {obj}`TypeError`.
-   
+  * Passing the `condition`, `x`, and `y` parameters to `jax.numpy.where` by
+    keyword arguments has been deprecated, to match `numpy.where`.
+
 
 ## jaxlib 0.4.21
 
diff --git a/jax/_src/numpy/lax_numpy.py b/jax/_src/numpy/lax_numpy.py
index bf3c9adc8..e948a6488 100644
--- a/jax/_src/numpy/lax_numpy.py
+++ b/jax/_src/numpy/lax_numpy.py
@@ -1062,25 +1062,27 @@ def interp(x: ArrayLike, xp: ArrayLike, fp: ArrayLike,
   return jitted_interp(x, xp, fp, left, right, period)
 
 
-@overload
-def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: Literal[None] = None, y: Literal[None] = None, *,
-          size: int | None = None,
+@overload  # type: ignore[no-overload-impl]
+def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: Literal[None] = None,
+          y: Literal[None] = None, /, *, size: int | None = None,
           fill_value: None | ArrayLike | tuple[ArrayLike, ...] = None
           ) -> tuple[Array, ...]: ...
 
 @overload
-def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike, *,
+def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike, / ,*,
           size: int | None = None,
           fill_value: None | ArrayLike | tuple[ArrayLike, ...] = None
           ) -> Array: ...
 
 @overload
 def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: ArrayLike | None = None,
-          y: ArrayLike | None = None, *, size: int | None = None,
+          y: ArrayLike | None = None, /, *, size: int | None = None,
           fill_value: None | ArrayLike | tuple[ArrayLike, ...] = None
           ) -> Array | tuple[Array, ...]: ...
 
-@util._wraps(np.where,
+_DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG = object()
+
+@util._wraps(np.where,  # type: ignore[no-redef]
   lax_description=_dedent("""
     At present, JAX does not support JIT-compilation of the single-argument form
     of :py:func:`jax.numpy.where` because its output shape is data-dependent. The
@@ -1104,18 +1106,43 @@ def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: ArrayLike | None = None,
     fill_value : array_like, optional
         When ``size`` is specified and there are fewer than the indicated number of elements, the
         remaining elements will be filled with ``fill_value``, which defaults to zero."""))
-def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: ArrayLike | None = None,
-          y: ArrayLike | None = None, *, size: int | None = None,
-          fill_value: None | ArrayLike | tuple[ArrayLike, ...] = None
-    ) -> Array | tuple[Array, ...]:
-  if x is None and y is None:
-    util.check_arraylike("where", condition)
-    return nonzero(condition, size=size, fill_value=fill_value)
+def where(
+    acondition = None, if_true = None, if_false = None, /, *,
+    size=None, fill_value=None,
+    # Deprecated keyword-only names.
+    condition = _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG, x = _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG,
+    y = _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG
+) -> Array | tuple[Array, ...]:
+  if (condition is not _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG or x is not _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG
+      or y is not _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG):
+    # TODO(phawkins): deprecated Nov 17 2023, remove after deprecation expires.
+    warnings.warn(
+        "Passing condition, x, or y to jax.numpy.where via keyword arguments "
+        "is deprecated.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+  if condition is not _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG:
+    if acondition is not None:
+      raise ValueError("condition should be a positional-only argument")
+    acondition = condition
+  if x is not _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG:
+    if if_true is not None:
+      raise ValueError("x should be a positional-only argument")
+    if_true = x
+  if y is not _DEPRECATED_WHERE_ARG:
+    if if_false is not None:
+      raise ValueError("y should be a positional-only argument")
+    if_false = y
+
+  if if_true is None and if_false is None:
+    util.check_arraylike("where", acondition)
+    return nonzero(acondition, size=size, fill_value=fill_value)
   else:
-    util.check_arraylike("where", condition, x, y)
+    util.check_arraylike("where", acondition, if_true, if_false)
     if size is not None or fill_value is not None:
       raise ValueError("size and fill_value arguments cannot be used in three-term where function.")
-    return util._where(condition, x, y)
+    return util._where(acondition, if_true, if_false)
 
 
 @util._wraps(np.select)
diff --git a/jax/_src/scipy/sparse/linalg.py b/jax/_src/scipy/sparse/linalg.py
index 8614dfa38..9fd11f6d2 100644
--- a/jax/_src/scipy/sparse/linalg.py
+++ b/jax/_src/scipy/sparse/linalg.py
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ def gmres(A, b, x0=None, *, tol=1e-5, atol=0.0, restart=20, maxiter=None,
   x = lax.custom_linear_solve(A, b, solve=_solve, transpose_solve=_solve)
 
   failed = jnp.isnan(_norm(x))
-  info = jnp.where(failed, x=-1, y=0)
+  info = jnp.where(failed, -1, 0)
   return x, info
 
 
diff --git a/jax/numpy/__init__.pyi b/jax/numpy/__init__.pyi
index e63cc12be..876d76448 100644
--- a/jax/numpy/__init__.pyi
+++ b/jax/numpy/__init__.pyi
@@ -831,19 +831,19 @@ def vstack(tup: Union[_np.ndarray, Array, Sequence[ArrayLike]],
 
 @overload
 def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: Literal[None] = ..., y: Literal[None] = ...,
-          *, size: Optional[int] = ...,
+          /, *, size: Optional[int] = ...,
           fill_value: Union[None, ArrayLike, tuple[ArrayLike, ...]] = ...
           ) -> tuple[Array, ...]: ...
 
 @overload
-def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike, *,
+def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike, /, *,
           size: Optional[int] = ...,
           fill_value: Union[None, ArrayLike, tuple[ArrayLike, ...]] = ...
           ) -> Array: ...
 
 @overload
 def where(condition: ArrayLike, x: Optional[ArrayLike] = ...,
-          y: Optional[ArrayLike] = ..., *, size: Optional[int] = ...,
+          y: Optional[ArrayLike] = ..., /, *, size: Optional[int] = ...,
           fill_value: Union[None, ArrayLike, tuple[ArrayLike, ...]] = ...
           ) -> Union[Array, tuple[Array, ...]]: ...