diff --git a/jax/_src/dtypes.py b/jax/_src/dtypes.py
index 808d129ba..853fb5d1c 100644
--- a/jax/_src/dtypes.py
+++ b/jax/_src/dtypes.py
@@ -109,6 +109,12 @@ _float8_e4m3fnuz_dtype: np.dtype = np.dtype(float8_e4m3fnuz)
 _float8_e5m2_dtype: np.dtype = np.dtype(float8_e5m2)
 _float8_e5m2fnuz_dtype: np.dtype = np.dtype(float8_e5m2fnuz)
 
+# fp4 support
+# TODO: remove Optional when minimum ml_dtypes version >= 0.5.0
+float4_e2m1fn: type[np.generic] | None = None
+
+_float4_e2m1fn_dtype: np.dtype | None = None
+
 def supports_inf(dtype: DTypeLike) -> bool:
   """Return true if the dtype supports infinity, else return False."""
   typ = np.dtype(dtype).type
@@ -144,6 +150,8 @@ _float8_dtypes = [
     _float8_e5m2fnuz_dtype,
 ]
 
+_float4_dtypes: list[np.dtype] = []
+
 # TODO: remove the if statements below when minimum ml_dtypes version >= 0.5.0
 if hasattr(ml_dtypes, "float8_e4m3"):
   float8_e4m3 = ml_dtypes.float8_e4m3
@@ -163,6 +171,12 @@ if hasattr(ml_dtypes, "float8_e8m0fnu"):
   _custom_float_scalar_types.insert(0, float8_e8m0fnu)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
   _custom_float_dtypes.insert(0, _float8_e8m0fnu_dtype)
   _float8_dtypes.insert(0, _float8_e8m0fnu_dtype)
+if hasattr(ml_dtypes, "float4_e2m1fn"):
+  float4_e2m1fn = ml_dtypes.float4_e2m1fn
+  _float4_e2m1fn_dtype = np.dtype(float4_e2m1fn)
+  _custom_float_scalar_types.insert(0, float4_e2m1fn)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+  _custom_float_dtypes.insert(0, _float4_e2m1fn_dtype)
+  _float4_dtypes.insert(0, _float4_e2m1fn_dtype)
 
 # 2-bit integer support
 int2: type[np.generic] | None = None
diff --git a/jax/_src/export/serialization.fbs b/jax/_src/export/serialization.fbs
index dd0ae3edc..7d3e342f1 100644
--- a/jax/_src/export/serialization.fbs
+++ b/jax/_src/export/serialization.fbs
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ enum DType: byte {
   f8_e5m2 = 20,
   f8_e5m2fnuz = 21,
   f8_e8m0fnu = 25,
+  f4_e2m1fn = 26,
 }
 
 table AbstractValue {
diff --git a/jax/_src/export/serialization.py b/jax/_src/export/serialization.py
index 7707670f1..ac97c11d1 100644
--- a/jax/_src/export/serialization.py
+++ b/jax/_src/export/serialization.py
@@ -365,6 +365,8 @@ if dtypes._float8_e4m3_dtype is not None:
   _dtype_to_dtype_kind[dtypes._float8_e4m3_dtype] = ser_flatbuf.DType.f8_e4m3
 if dtypes._float8_e8m0fnu_dtype is not None:
   _dtype_to_dtype_kind[dtypes._float8_e8m0fnu_dtype] = ser_flatbuf.DType.f8_e8m0fnu
+if dtypes._float4_e2m1fn_dtype is not None:
+  _dtype_to_dtype_kind[dtypes._float4_e2m1fn_dtype] = ser_flatbuf.DType.f4_e2m1fn
 _dtype_kind_to_dtype = {
     kind: dtype for dtype, kind in _dtype_to_dtype_kind.items()
 }
diff --git a/jax/_src/export/serialization_generated.py b/jax/_src/export/serialization_generated.py
index 69092cd7e..b1fc13333 100644
--- a/jax/_src/export/serialization_generated.py
+++ b/jax/_src/export/serialization_generated.py
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ class DType(object):
     f8_e5m2fnuz = 21
     f0 = 22
     f8_e8m0fnu = 25
+    f4_e2m1fn = 26
 
 
 class ShardingKind(object):
diff --git a/jax/_src/interpreters/mlir.py b/jax/_src/interpreters/mlir.py
index 7c10c7b8d..c20fa34d4 100644
--- a/jax/_src/interpreters/mlir.py
+++ b/jax/_src/interpreters/mlir.py
@@ -199,6 +199,9 @@ if dtypes.float8_e4m3 is not None:
 if dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu is not None:
   _dtype_to_ir_type[np.dtype(dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu)] = ir.Float8E8M0FNUType.get
 
+if dtypes.float4_e2m1fn is not None:
+  _dtype_to_ir_type[np.dtype(dtypes.float4_e2m1fn)] = ir.Float4E2M1FNType.get
+
 def dtype_to_ir_type(dtype: core.bint | np.dtype | np.generic) -> ir.Type:
   if isinstance(dtype, core.bint):
     # TODO Support different-size underlying dtypes to take advantage of the
diff --git a/jax/_src/numpy/scalar_types.py b/jax/_src/numpy/scalar_types.py
index 5d20b73af..585a5484a 100644
--- a/jax/_src/numpy/scalar_types.py
+++ b/jax/_src/numpy/scalar_types.py
@@ -93,6 +93,8 @@ float8_e4m3fnuz = _make_scalar_type(dtypes.float8_e4m3fnuz)
 float8_e5m2 = _make_scalar_type(dtypes.float8_e5m2)
 float8_e5m2fnuz = _make_scalar_type(dtypes.float8_e5m2fnuz)
 float8_e4m3b11fnuz = _make_scalar_type(dtypes.float8_e4m3b11fnuz)
+if dtypes.float4_e2m1fn is not None:
+  float4_e2m1fn = _make_scalar_type(dtypes.float4_e2m1fn)
 bfloat16 = _make_scalar_type(dtypes.bfloat16)
 float16 = _make_scalar_type(np.float16)
 float32 = single = _make_scalar_type(np.float32)
diff --git a/jax/_src/public_test_util.py b/jax/_src/public_test_util.py
index 220342ce5..455a3b98c 100644
--- a/jax/_src/public_test_util.py
+++ b/jax/_src/public_test_util.py
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@ if _dtypes.float8_e4m3 is not None:
 if _dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu is not None:
   _default_tolerance[np.dtype(_dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu)] = 1e0
   default_gradient_tolerance[np.dtype(_dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu)] = 1e0
+if _dtypes.float4_e2m1fn is not None:
+  _default_tolerance[np.dtype(_dtypes.float4_e2m1fn)] = 1e0
+  default_gradient_tolerance[np.dtype(_dtypes.float4_e2m1fn)] = 1e0
 
 def is_python_scalar(val):
   return not isinstance(val, np.generic) and isinstance(val, (bool, int, float, complex))
@@ -124,6 +127,8 @@ def _assert_numpy_allclose(a, b, atol=None, rtol=None, err_msg=''):
     custom_float_dtypes.insert(0, _dtypes.float8_e3m4)
   if _dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu is not None:
     custom_float_dtypes.insert(0, _dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu)
+  if _dtypes.float4_e2m1fn is not None:
+    custom_float_dtypes.insert(0, _dtypes.float4_e2m1fn)
 
   def maybe_upcast(x):
     if x.dtype in custom_float_dtypes:
diff --git a/jax/_src/test_util.py b/jax/_src/test_util.py
index 9f2bab2b4..18f7efa16 100644
--- a/jax/_src/test_util.py
+++ b/jax/_src/test_util.py
@@ -1640,6 +1640,8 @@ class _LazyDtypes:
       float_dtypes += [_dtypes.float8_e4m3]
     if _dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu is not None:
       float_dtypes += [_dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu]
+    if _dtypes.float4_e2m1fn is not None:
+      float_dtypes += [_dtypes.float4_e2m1fn]
     return self.supported(float_dtypes)
 
   @_cached_property
diff --git a/jax/numpy/__init__.py b/jax/numpy/__init__.py
index ad71b9f74..cb291bdca 100644
--- a/jax/numpy/__init__.py
+++ b/jax/numpy/__init__.py
@@ -310,6 +310,7 @@ try:
     float8_e3m4 as float8_e3m4,
     float8_e4m3 as float8_e4m3,
     float8_e8m0fnu as float8_e8m0fnu,
+    float4_e2m1fn as float4_e2m1fn,
   )
 except ImportError:
   pass
diff --git a/tests/dtypes_test.py b/tests/dtypes_test.py
index 8127aed7a..fca3f4320 100644
--- a/tests/dtypes_test.py
+++ b/tests/dtypes_test.py
@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ if dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu is not None:
 float_dtypes += fp8_dtypes
 custom_float_dtypes += fp8_dtypes
 
+fp4_dtypes = []
+if dtypes.float4_e2m1fn is not None:
+  fp4_dtypes += [np.dtype(dtypes.float4_e2m1fn)]
+float_dtypes += fp4_dtypes
+custom_float_dtypes += fp4_dtypes
+
 complex_dtypes = [np.dtype('complex64'), np.dtype('complex128')]
 
 
@@ -238,6 +244,8 @@ class DtypesTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
         continue
       if t1 in intn_dtypes:
         continue
+      if t1 in fp4_dtypes:
+        continue
       self.assertEqual(np.dtype(np.complex128),
                        dtypes.promote_types(t1, np.complex128))
 
@@ -247,6 +255,8 @@ class DtypesTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
           continue
         if t2 in intn_dtypes:
           continue
+        if t2 in fp4_dtypes:
+          continue
         # Symmetry
         self.assertEqual(dtypes.promote_types(t1, t2),
                          dtypes.promote_types(t2, t1))
@@ -261,6 +271,8 @@ class DtypesTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
         # TODO(zhangqiaorjc): Consider more dtype promotion rules for fp8.
         if t in fp8_dtypes:
           continue
+        if t in fp4_dtypes:
+          continue
         if t in intn_dtypes or i in intn_dtypes:
           continue
         self.assertEqual(t, dtypes.promote_types(t, i))
@@ -951,10 +963,12 @@ class TestPromotionTables(jtu.JaxTestCase):
       self.skipTest("XLA support for int2 and int4 is incomplete.")
     if dtype == dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu and jtu.test_device_matches(['tpu']):
       self.skipTest("TPU does not support float8_e8m0fnu.")
+    if dtype == dtypes.float4_e2m1fn and jtu.test_device_matches(['tpu']):
+      self.skipTest("TPU does not support float4_e2m1fn.")
     x = lax_internal._convert_element_type(0, dtype, weak_type=weak_type)
     if weak_type:
       expected = dtypes.canonicalize_dtype(
-        dtypes._default_types['f' if x.dtype in ["bfloat16", *fp8_dtypes] else x.dtype.kind])
+        dtypes._default_types['f' if x.dtype in ["bfloat16", *fp8_dtypes, *fp4_dtypes] else x.dtype.kind])
     else:
       expected = x.dtype
     self.assertEqual(dtypes.result_type(x), expected)
@@ -971,6 +985,17 @@ class TestPromotionTables(jtu.JaxTestCase):
                                   ".*8-bit floats do not support implicit promotion"):
         x + y
 
+  @jax.numpy_dtype_promotion('standard')
+  def testFloat4PromotionError(self):
+    for dtype in fp4_dtypes:
+      if dtype == dtypes.float4_e2m1fn and jtu.test_device_matches(['tpu']):
+        self.skipTest("TPU does not support float4_e2m1fn.")
+      x = jnp.array(1, dtype=dtype)
+      y = jnp.array(1, dtype='float32')
+      with self.assertRaisesRegex(dtypes.TypePromotionError,
+                                  ".*4-bit floats do not support implicit promotion"):
+        x + y
+
   @jax.numpy_dtype_promotion('standard')
   @jtu.run_on_devices('tpu')
   def testInt2PromotionError(self):
@@ -995,6 +1020,8 @@ class TestPromotionTables(jtu.JaxTestCase):
   def testBinaryNonPromotion(self, dtype, weak_type, promotion):
     if dtype in fp8_dtypes:
       self.skipTest("XLA support for float8 is incomplete.")
+    if dtype in fp4_dtypes:
+      self.skipTest("XLA support for float4 is incomplete.")
     if dtype in intn_dtypes:
       self.skipTest("XLA support for int2 and int4 is incomplete.")
     # Regression test for https://github.com/jax-ml/jax/issues/6051
@@ -1027,6 +1054,8 @@ class TestPromotionTables(jtu.JaxTestCase):
         self.skipTest('XLA support for int2 is incomplete.')
     if dtype == dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu and jtu.test_device_matches(['tpu']):
       self.skipTest('TPU does not support float8_e8m0fnu.')
+    if dtype == dtypes.float4_e2m1fn and jtu.test_device_matches(['tpu']):
+      self.skipTest('TPU does not support float4_e2m1fn.')      
     val = lax_internal._convert_element_type(0, dtype, weak_type=weak_type)
     rep = repr(val)
     self.assertStartsWith(rep, 'Array(')
diff --git a/tests/export_test.py b/tests/export_test.py
index 60c96fca4..6baecebe1 100644
--- a/tests/export_test.py
+++ b/tests/export_test.py
@@ -1014,6 +1014,8 @@ class JaxExportTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
       self.skipTest(f"TODO: serialization not supported for {str(dtype)}")
     if dtype == dtypes.float8_e8m0fnu and jtu.test_device_matches(['tpu']):
       self.skipTest("TPU does not support float8_e8m0fnu.")
+    if dtype == dtypes.float4_e2m1fn and jtu.test_device_matches(['tpu']):
+      self.skipTest("TPU does not support float4_e2m1fn.")
     @jax.jit
     def f_jax(x):
       return x + x