diff --git a/jax/_src/internal_test_util/export_back_compat_test_data/shardy_sharding_ops_with_different_meshes.py b/jax/_src/internal_test_util/export_back_compat_test_data/shardy_sharding_ops_with_different_meshes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b54234d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jax/_src/internal_test_util/export_back_compat_test_data/shardy_sharding_ops_with_different_meshes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# Copyright 2025 The JAX Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# ruff: noqa
+
+import datetime
+from numpy import array, float32
+
+
+# Pasted from the test output (see export_back_compat_test_util.py module docstring)
+data_2025_02_12 = dict(
+    testdata_version=1,
+    platform='tpu',
+    custom_call_targets=['Sharding', 'xla.sdy.GlobalToLocalShape', 'xla.sdy.LocalToGlobalShape'],
+    serialized_date=datetime.date(2025, 2, 12),
+    inputs=(array([[0., 1., 2., 3.],
+       [4., 5., 6., 7.]], dtype=float32),),
+    expected_outputs=(array([[4., 5., 6., 7.],
+       [0., 1., 2., 3.]], dtype=float32),),
+    mlir_module_text=r"""
+#loc1 = loc("x")
+#loc3 = loc("third_party/py/jax/tests/export_back_compat_test.py":1052:13)
+#loc6 = loc("jit(func)/jit(main)/shard_map"(#loc3))
+module @jit_func attributes {jax.uses_shape_polymorphism = false, mhlo.frontend_attributes = {xla.sdy.meshes = "{mesh = #sdy.mesh<[\\\22a\\\22=2]>}"}, mhlo.num_partitions = 2 : i32, mhlo.num_replicas = 1 : i32} {
+  func.func public @main(%arg0: tensor<2x4xf32> loc("x")) -> (tensor<2x4xf32> {jax.result_info = ""}) {
+    %0 = stablehlo.custom_call @Sharding(%arg0) {mhlo.frontend_attributes = {xla.sdy.sharding = "#sdy.sharding_per_value<[<@mesh, [{\\\22a\\\22}, {}]>]>"}, mhlo.sharding = "{devices=[2,1]<=[2]}"} : (tensor<2x4xf32>) -> tensor<2x4xf32> loc(#loc5)
+    %1 = stablehlo.custom_call @xla.sdy.GlobalToLocalShape(%0) : (tensor<2x4xf32>) -> tensor<1x4xf32> loc(#loc6)
+    %2 = call @xla.sdy.manual_computation_body(%1) {mhlo.frontend_attributes = {xla.sdy.in_shardings = "#sdy.sharding_per_value<[<@mesh, [{\\\22a\\\22}, {}]>]>", xla.sdy.manual_axes = "#sdy<manual_axes{\\\22a\\\22}>", xla.sdy.out_shardings = "#sdy.sharding_per_value<[<@mesh, [{\\\22a\\\22}, {}]>]>"}} : (tensor<1x4xf32>) -> tensor<1x4xf32> loc(#loc6)
+    %3 = stablehlo.custom_call @xla.sdy.LocalToGlobalShape(%2) : (tensor<1x4xf32>) -> tensor<2x4xf32> loc(#loc6)
+    return %3 : tensor<2x4xf32> loc(#loc)
+  } loc(#loc)
+  func.func @xla.sdy.manual_computation_body(%arg0: tensor<1x4xf32> loc("jit(func)/jit(main)/shard_map"(#loc3))) -> tensor<1x4xf32> {
+    %0 = "stablehlo.collective_permute"(%arg0) <{channel_handle = #stablehlo.channel_handle<handle = 1, type = 0>, source_target_pairs = dense<[[0, 1], [1, 0]]> : tensor<2x2xi64>}> : (tensor<1x4xf32>) -> tensor<1x4xf32> loc(#loc7)
+    return %0 : tensor<1x4xf32> loc(#loc6)
+  } loc(#loc6)
+} loc(#loc)
+#loc = loc(unknown)
+#loc2 = loc("third_party/py/jax/tests/export_back_compat_test.py":1051:10)
+#loc4 = loc("third_party/py/jax/tests/export_back_compat_test.py":1050:15)
+#loc5 = loc("jit(func)/jit(main)/sharding_constraint"(#loc2))
+#loc7 = loc("jit(func)/jit(main)/ppermute"(#loc4))
+""",
+    mlir_module_serialized=b'ML\xefR\rStableHLO_v1.8.8\x00\x01\x1d\x05\x01\x05\r\x01\x03\x0b\x03\x0b\x0f\x13\x17\x1b\x1f\x03\x97q\x13\x019\x0f\x07\x0b\x0b+\x0b\x0f\x13\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0f\x0b\x0f\x0b\x0b\x17\x0f\x0b\x17\x0f\x0b\x1b\x0b\x0f\x0b\x17\x13\x039\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0f\x0b\x0b\x0f\x13\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0f\x8f\x13\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b#\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x0b\x01\x05\x0f\x0b\x03\x0f\x17\x17\x07\x07\x17\x17\x17\x02v\x03\x1d\x1f!\x1f\x05\x11\x05\x13\x03\t\x0b\r\x05\x0f\x15\x17\x19\x1b\x05\x15\x11\x03\x00\x03\x03\x11\x13\x05\x17\x05\x19\x05\x1b\x11\x01\t\x05\x1d\x11\x01\x05\x05\x1f\x05!\x17\x07r\x10\x1b\x1d%\'\x05#\x17\x07j\x10\x1f\x1d+\x03\x05%\x03\x05\x05[/_\x05\'\x1d35\x05)\x17\x07n\x10\x15\x03\x03\x05e\x03\x01\x1d+\x1d-\x0b\x03\x05\x01\x1d/\x03\x03G\r\x01#\r\x03\x03M\r\x03O;\x1d1\x1d3\x1d5#\x0f\x13\x0b\x05\x1f\x11A\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\r\x03]=\x1d7\x1d9\x1d;\x1d=\r\x07g=ikm=\x1d?\x1dA\x1dC\x1dE\x1dG\x01\x02\x02\x01\t)\x05\x05\x11\t)\x05\t\x11\t\t\x1d\x11\x03\x07\x03\x07\x11\x03\x05\x03\x05)\x05\t\t\x0b\x04\xb9\x05\x01Q\x03\t\x01\x07\x04\xa7\x03\x01\t\x05P\x03\x03\x07\x04]\x03\x0b\x17\x03\x0f)\x00\x03G1-\x05\x03\x07\x03\x01\x03F\x01\x07\x03\x05\x03\x03\x0bG\x017\t\x03\x05\x03\x05\x03F\x01\x0b\x03\x07\x03\x07\x07\x04\x03\x03\t\x05P\x01\r\x07\x04)\x03\x05\x0b\x03\x0b\x01\x00\tF#\x0f\x03\x05\x03\x01\x07\x04\x01\x03\x03\x06\x03\x01\x05\x01\x00r\x0bI7-3)+7\x13+#\x0f\x0b!Ae\x03Q\x1d\x05;=\x13%)=\x1f9i3\x11-\x15\x11\x1f\x0f\x0b\x11builtin\x00vhlo\x00module\x00custom_call_v1\x00func_v1\x00return_v1\x00collective_permute_v1\x00call_v1\x00mhlo.frontend_attributes\x00third_party/py/jax/tests/export_back_compat_test.py\x00jax.uses_shape_polymorphism\x00xla.sdy.meshes\x00{mesh = #sdy.mesh<[\\"a\\"=2]>}\x00mhlo.num_partitions\x00mhlo.num_replicas\x00jit_func\x00jit(func)/jit(main)/shard_map\x00jit(func)/jit(main)/ppermute\x00x\x00mhlo.sharding\x00jit(func)/jit(main)/sharding_constraint\x00\x00#sdy.sharding_per_value<[<@mesh, [{\\"a\\"}, {}]>]>\x00xla.sdy.manual_computation_body\x00jax.result_info\x00main\x00public\x00xla.sdy.sharding\x00{devices=[2,1]<=[2]}\x00Sharding\x00xla.sdy.GlobalToLocalShape\x00xla.sdy.in_shardings\x00xla.sdy.manual_axes\x00#sdy<manual_axes{\\"a\\"}>\x00xla.sdy.out_shardings\x00xla.sdy.LocalToGlobalShape\x00\x08a\x11\x05;\x01\x0bEIKQS\x11?;a9A999\x11?;c9A999\x03C\x11?;o9A999\x0b9U9C;\x05WY',
+    xla_call_module_version=9,
+    nr_devices=2,
+)  # End paste
diff --git a/tests/export_back_compat_test.py b/tests/export_back_compat_test.py
index 46543cf8d..9b457b8f2 100644
--- a/tests/export_back_compat_test.py
+++ b/tests/export_back_compat_test.py
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ from jax._src.internal_test_util.export_back_compat_test_data import tpu_ApproxT
 from jax._src.internal_test_util.export_back_compat_test_data import tpu_Qr
 from jax._src.internal_test_util.export_back_compat_test_data import tpu_Sharding
 from jax._src.internal_test_util.export_back_compat_test_data import tpu_stablehlo_dynamic_reduce_window
+from jax._src.internal_test_util.export_back_compat_test_data import shardy_sharding_ops_with_different_meshes
 from jax._src.internal_test_util.export_back_compat_test_data import stablehlo_dynamic_rng_bit_generator
 from jax._src.internal_test_util.export_back_compat_test_data import stablehlo_dynamic_top_k
 from jax._src.internal_test_util.export_back_compat_test_data import stablehlo_dynamic_approx_top_k
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ import jax.numpy as jnp
 
 from jax.sharding import Mesh
 from jax.sharding import PartitionSpec as P
+from jax.sharding import NamedSharding as NS
 
 from jax._src import config
 from jax._src import test_util as jtu
@@ -1024,5 +1026,34 @@ class CompatTest(bctu.CompatTestBase):
     )
 
 
+@jtu.with_config(jax_use_shardy_partitioner=True)
+class ShardyCompatTest(bctu.CompatTestBase):
+  def test_shardy_sharding_ops_with_different_meshes(self):
+    # Tests whether we can save and load a module with meshes that have the
+    # same axis sizes (and same order) but different axis names.
+    # Also tests "Sharding", "xla.sdy.GlobalToLocalShape",
+    # "xla.sdy.LocalToGlobalShape".
+    if not jtu.test_device_matches(["tpu"]) or len(jax.devices()) < 2:
+      self.skipTest("Test runs only on TPU with at least 2 devices")
+
+    # Must use exactly 2 devices for expected outputs from ppermute.
+    devices = jax.devices()[:2]
+    old_mesh = Mesh(devices, axis_names=('a'))
+
+    def func(x):  # x: f32[4, 4]
+      @partial(shard_map, mesh=old_mesh,
+              in_specs=(P('a', None),), out_specs=P('a', None))
+      def shard_map_func(x):  # b: f32[2, 4]
+        axis_size = lax.psum(1, 'a')
+        perm = [(j, (j + 1) % axis_size) for j in range(axis_size)]
+        return lax.ppermute(x, 'a', perm=perm)
+      x = jax.lax.with_sharding_constraint(x, NS(old_mesh, P('a', None)))
+      return shard_map_func(x)
+
+    data = self.load_testdata(shardy_sharding_ops_with_different_meshes.data_2025_02_12)
+    with Mesh(devices, axis_names=('x')):
+      self.run_one_test(func, data)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
   absltest.main(testLoader=jtu.JaxTestLoader())