Change flags to use the newer definition style where the flag is read via a typed FlagHolder object returned by the DEFINE_... function. The advantage of doing this is that `flag.value` has a type known to the type checker, rather than reading it as an attr out of a gigantic config dictionary.
For jax.config flags, define a typed FlagHolder object that is returned when defining a flag, matching the ABSL API.
Move a number of flags into the file that consumes them. There's no reason we're defining every flag in `config.py`.
This PR does not change the similar "state" objects in `jax.config`. Changing those is for a future PR.
PiperOrigin-RevId: 551604974
